Correct acknowledgments of authorship and copyrights for SASB figures

This web link is to help authors of SASB-based papers properly acknowledge the sources of whatever version of the model they are using. There have been serious misunderstandings about SASB sources in the literature, and this page can help well- meaning authors make proper citations.

There are three main versions of the SASB model, all based on the same three dimensions:
1. Focus (interpersonal other; interpersonal self; introject: other focus turned inward). Focus is identified by spatial location or by font in the various versions.
2. The horizontal axis: Love – Hate
3. The vertical axis: Enmeshment (Control/Submit) – Differentiation (Emancipate/ Separate)

Here are the distinctions: The full model has36 points on each of 3 surfaces; the two word cluster or octant model has 8 points on each of 3 surfaces distinguished by spatial placement; the simplified one word cluster model has 8 points on each of three surfaces distinguished by font.

Lorna Smith Benjamin is the author of all three versions. Many others have made minor modifications (e.g., add labels for the axes: affiliation / interdependence; change the diamond shape to a circle; put the one word cluster model into the geometry of the two word cluster model), sometimes without authorization or acknowledgment of original source and author. Benjamin strongly opposes the transformation from a diamond to a circle because the theory is that the poles of each axis represent “innate givens” related to sexuality, power, aggression and territory. Circles obscure the theoretically and empirically distinct nature of the poles.

The SASB models are not in the public domain, and it continues to be important that authors properly acknowledge authorship and copyrights. Correct and current versions of the models mentioned below are available on this web page, and the correct acknowledgments are listed for each here:

The SASB full model. From Benjamin, L.S. (1979). Structural analysis of differentiation failure. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 42, 1-23. Copyright William Alanson Psychiatric Foundation.

The Quadrant Model. From: Benjamin, L.S. (1979). Structural analysis of differentiation failure. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 42, 1-23. Copyright William Alanson Psychiatric Foundation.

The two- word cluster model. From: Benjamin, L.S. (1987) Use of the SASB dimensional model to develop treatment plans for personality disorders, I: Narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1,43-70. Copyright The Guilford Press.

The 3 types of focus. From: Benjamin, L.S. (1987) Use of the SASB dimensional model to develop treatment plans for personality disorders, I: Narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1,43-70. Copyright The Guilford Press.

The simplified one word cluster model. From: Benjamin, L.S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders, Second edition. N.Y.: The Guilford Press. Copyright the Guilford Press. Please note: the first edition appeared in 1993, and the paperback edition appeared in 2003. Acknowledgement of the hardback second edition in 1996 or the paperback in 2003 would be appropriate.

Benjamin has combined quadrant, cluster and full models (with permission) in : Benjamin, L.S. (1984). Principles of prediction using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). In R.A. Zucker, J. Aronoff and A.J. Rabin (Eds), Personality and the Prediction of Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 121-173. Copyright Academic Press. The two word cluster model there was from an older version that was in Benjamin’s 1982 Intrex manual.
The quadrant and cluster versions are combined (with permission) in: Benjamin, L.S. (2000) SASB User’s Manual. Salt Lake City, University of Utah. Copyright, University of Utah.
SASB Intrex questionnaires were written and validated by L. S. Benjamin. They describe each of the points on the respective models. The Long form describes points on the full model. The Medium and Short forms describe points on the cluster models (for both the one and two word versions). Copyrights on the questionnaires are held by the University of Utah.

The SASB Intrex Software and the SASB coding software was written by L. S. Benjamin (latest version, 2000). Copyright on the processing software is held by the University of Utah.

Appreciation is expressed to all for following academic norms and copyright law in acknowledging original sources, current versions, authorship, and copyrights.